Top 10 Landscape Design Ideas Front Yard Trends for 2026
- May 14
- 18 min read
How do you give a Prescott front yard a finished, welcoming look without creating a yard that struggles through June, washes out in August, and needs constant repair the rest of the year?
In Northern Arizona, good front-yard design starts with site conditions, not trends. High altitude means stronger sun exposure. Winter brings freeze-thaw movement that can loosen stone and stress the wrong plant material. Monsoon storms test drainage, grading, and erosion control fast. A plan that looks good on paper but ignores those conditions usually costs more in water, maintenance, and repairs.
Homeowners in Prescott, Prescott Valley, Chino Valley, and surrounding areas tend to ask for the same outcomes. They want curb appeal that fits the house, lower upkeep, better water use, and a front entry that feels intentional instead of pieced together over time. R.E. and Sons Landscaping is a licensed, bonded, and insured Prescott design-build firm (ROC #300642), and the ideas in this guide come from what holds up in this region.
That local filter matters.
The ten ideas below are not generic curb-appeal tips pulled from a national list. They are practical options for Northern Arizona homes, selected around the trade-offs we see on real projects here. Which materials handle sun and winter cold better. Which layouts slow runoff instead of sending water toward the house. Which plant choices reduce irrigation demand without leaving the front yard sparse or unfinished. If you want a stronger starting point for water-wise planning, our guide to xeriscaping for Prescott homes explains the approach in more detail.
1. Desert Xeriscaping with Native Plants
Xeriscaping makes sense in Prescott because it works with the climate instead of trying to overpower it. A front yard built around native and climate-adapted plants needs less intervention, looks more natural in the high desert, and usually ages better than a design centered on thirsty turf and fussy shrubs.
For homeowners in Northern Arizona, the practical value is hard to ignore. Xeriscape yards using native or climate-adapted plants can reduce annual water consumption by 30 to 60 percent compared to traditional turf-based designs, and a typical 3,000 to 5,000 square foot residential lot converting to xeriscape can lower water bills by $200 to $400 annually, according to Colorado State University engagement guidance on front-yard xeriscapes.
What works in a Prescott xeriscape
A good xeriscape front yard still needs structure. That usually means a backbone of shrubs, grasses, and accent plants laid out in a way that frames the home and keeps the entry visible.
Group by water need: Keep plants with similar irrigation needs in the same zone so the system isn't wasting water.
Leave room for mature size: Crowded plants look full for one season and then become a pruning problem.
Use gravel or mulch intentionally: Groundcover should control evaporation, reduce weeds, and visually tie planting beds together.
Practical rule: Xeriscaping isn't “plant less and add more rock.” It's designing the right plant masses, in the right places, with the right spacing.
In Prescott Valley and Chino Valley, I'd rather see a clean planting composition with strong spacing than a yard packed edge to edge on install day. Sparse at first often means correct. Overplanted almost always means expensive correction later. For homeowners comparing approaches, this Prescott xeriscaping guide from R.E. and Sons Landscaping gives a solid local starting point.
2. Flagstone and Decorative Rock Hardscaping
What makes a Prescott front yard look finished before the plants fill in? Hardscape usually does.
Flagstone walkways, decorative rock beds, steel or masonry edging, and a few well-placed boulders give the yard structure right away. In Northern Arizona, that structure is not just visual. It helps handle monsoon runoff, reduces muddy splash near entries, and covers the bare soil areas that often become maintenance problems on high-desert lots.
This style fits many of the homes we see around Prescott, Prescott Valley, and Chino Valley, but it works best when the stone matches both the house and the site. A mountain-style home can carry heavier boulders and larger flagstone pieces. A smaller front yard near town usually looks better with tighter joints, cleaner edging, and a simpler rock palette. Scale matters. So does color.
How to make rock and stone look intentional
The strongest front-yard layouts use hardscape as the framework, then let plants soften the edges. That matters in our climate because winter cold, summer heat, and windy spring conditions can make young plantings look thin for a while. Stone keeps the yard from feeling unfinished during that establishment period.
Installation quality matters even more than material choice. Flagstone that sits on poor base prep shifts, rocks, and collects water. Decorative rock without proper edging migrates into walks and planting beds. On sloped lots, runoff will expose every shortcut.
A few rules keep the design clean:
Match stone size to the house and lot: Small gravel can disappear on a broad frontage. Oversized boulders can overwhelm a compact yard.
Limit the number of rock colors: One field rock and one flagstone tone usually reads cleaner than mixing several materials.
Control water early: Slope, edging, and drainage paths should be planned before the first stone goes down.
Use retaining walls where grade changes demand them: Terracing can make a steep front yard usable and help control erosion during summer storms.
Rock selection also affects maintenance. Crushed rock compacts differently than round river rock. Larger decorative stone stays put better on slopes, while smaller material can spread and need raking after heavy rain. If you are comparing finishes, sizes, and local use cases, this guide to different types of landscaping rock is a practical place to start.
Some homeowners pair stone with a small green panel to keep the yard from feeling too dry or reflective. In that case, a professional artificial turf installation in Prescott can work well beside flagstone and decorative rock, especially near the entry where you want contrast without adding irrigation-heavy lawn.
3. Artificial Turf Installation
Artificial turf belongs in a front yard when you want the clean look of green space without the maintenance burden of real lawn. It works best as a defined design feature, not as a blanket solution covering the entire property. In Prescott, that usually means a turf panel framed by pavers, rock, or planting beds.
The appeal is obvious. You avoid watering, mowing, seeding, and winter dormancy issues. You also get a more consistent appearance through the year, which can help on homes where the front yard is highly visible from the street.
Where turf works and where it doesn't
Turf performs well in compact front yards, family homes that want a neat play patch, and properties where a small green zone softens a lot of stone. It works poorly when the sub-base is rushed or drainage is ignored.
A quality install starts below the surface. The grading has to move water. The edges have to stay crisp. The turf should look intentional, not like someone rolled out a rectangle to cover a problem area.
To see what a professional install involves in this market, this page on artificial turf installation in Prescott is useful.
A quick visual helps if you're comparing finishes and realism:
A front yard usually looks better when turf is treated like one material in the composition, not the whole composition.
If I'm reviewing front yard design ideas homeowners bring in from national sites, turf-over-everything is one of the first ideas I push back on. In Northern Arizona, the stronger move is usually hybrid design. Turf for the usable patch. Rock, pavers, and planting beds for structure. That gives you the green look people want without making the yard feel synthetic.
4. Modern Minimalist Design with Clean Lines
What makes a front yard look sharp in Prescott without turning it into a maintenance project? In a lot of cases, it comes down to editing. Modern minimalist design uses fewer materials, fewer plant types, and stronger geometry so the yard reads clean from the street and stays manageable through wind, sun, and monsoon season.
This style works especially well on newer homes in Prescott Valley and on remodels where the architecture already has strong lines. We also use it on older homes that need visual order. The trade-off is simple. A minimalist yard looks polished only when layout, spacing, and installation are precise. Sloppy edging or random plant placement stands out fast.
Why repetition works better than variety here
In Northern Arizona, clean repetition usually outperforms a mixed planting approach. Repeating the same shrub, grass, or agave in measured intervals gives the yard structure year-round, even when seasonal color comes and goes. It also makes irrigation planning simpler and keeps pruning more predictable.
That matters at our elevation. High-desert light is intense, and busy front yards can look scattered by midafternoon, especially against stucco, block, and stone. A tighter palette softens that problem and makes the house feel more intentional.
A clean minimalist layout usually relies on a few practical rules:
Repeat plant forms: Mass one or two dependable species instead of using many single specimens.
Use hard lines with purpose: Straight walks, rectangular pads, and crisp bed edges fit modern architecture and hold up visually in rock-based yards.
Keep open space open: Gravel or decomposed granite areas give the eye a place to rest and reduce unnecessary irrigation.
Limit accent materials: One rock color, one primary paving finish, and a restrained plant palette usually look stronger than several competing textures.
At R.E. and Sons Landscaping, we often refine these designs by balancing simplicity with desert durability. For example, broad gravel zones can look excellent, but they need proper weed barrier strategy, stable edging, and grading that moves monsoon runoff away from the entry. Minimalism is not about removing function. It is about removing distractions.
This approach also fits how many Prescott-area homeowners live. Less lawn to manage. Fewer thirsty beds. A front yard that still looks finished in winter and does not need constant seasonal changes to stay attractive.
Minimalist front yards usually fail for one reason. Too many late additions. Extra boulders, another plant variety, a second mulch color, or decorative pieces that do not match the architecture tend to weaken the whole design. The better result comes from choosing a clear layout early and sticking to it.
5. Welcoming Entry Focal Points with Planters and Containers
If the front yard is mostly set but the entry still feels flat, containers can fix that quickly. A pair of substantial planters by the front door, or a grouped arrangement near a porch or gate, adds height and focus without a full redesign.
This works especially well in Prescott because containers let you control soil quality and placement. That helps when native soils are inconsistent or when the best visual location isn't the best in-ground planting spot.
Best uses for containers in Northern Arizona
Containers are ideal for highlighting a doorway, softening hard corners, or giving a front porch more presence. They also let you rotate the look more easily than permanent bed changes.
In practical terms, they're most successful when they're scaled to the architecture. Small pots next to a large entry disappear. Lightweight decorative pieces in windy or exposed sites can become a maintenance issue fast.
A clean container setup usually follows a few simple rules:
Use fewer, larger planters: Bigger containers look more anchored and dry out less aggressively than small pots.
Prioritize drainage: If water can't escape, roots struggle. That's especially true during monsoon periods and winter freezes.
Keep the palette tight: One foliage style, one accent color, or one seasonal swap often looks better than a mixed assortment.
In older Prescott neighborhoods, containers can also bridge style transitions. If the house has traditional bones but the owner wants a cleaner, updated front yard, containers can introduce that newer look without tearing out everything at once.
6. Low-Voltage Landscape Lighting Design
What does your front yard look like after dark. In Prescott, that question matters more than many homeowners expect. Long drive approaches, uneven grades, porch steps, and low desert-style planting can all get harder to read at night, especially during monsoon season or in neighborhoods with limited street lighting.
Low-voltage lighting helps the yard work after sunset, not just look good from the curb. The best plans do three jobs at once. They guide people safely to the entry, give the house shape and depth at night, and highlight a few features worth noticing, such as stonework, mature trees, or architectural columns.
Start with the walking route to the front door. If the path changes elevation, curves, or crosses decomposed granite or flagstone, those transitions need clear, even light. I usually treat lighting and layout as one system. A narrow or awkward walkway does not get fixed by adding more fixtures. Extra lights often make the problem stand out.
After the path is covered, add selective accent lighting to one or two vertical elements. That restraint matters in Northern Arizona. Too many bright spots can make a front yard feel busy, and harsh white light tends to fight against the warmer tones in Prescott stone, stucco, and timber details.
On-site advice: Warm light usually fits Prescott homes better than cooler color temperatures. It reads cleaner on natural materials and feels less glaring at eye level.
Fixture placement matters as much as fixture count. Cheap lights lined up like runway markers rarely age well. Visible glare, light pushed into bedroom windows, and fixtures installed where people see the hardware instead of the lighting effect are common mistakes. A good system stays quiet during the day and makes the entry feel clear and comfortable at night.
For many front yards, this is one of the smartest upgrades per dollar spent. It adds safety, improves curb appeal, and extends the usable feel of the property without increasing water use or adding much maintenance. That balance makes low-voltage lighting a strong fit for Northern Arizona homes.
7. Water Features and Fountain Elements
Water features in the front yard can work beautifully in Northern Arizona, but only when they're scaled right and built for the climate. A small fountain near the entry, a bubbler rock in a courtyard zone, or a pondless feature integrated with stone can create a calm focal point without taking over the yard.
This is less about size and more about placement. Water should support the entry sequence, not interrupt it. A fountain jammed into a tight walkway often feels awkward. The same fountain set where it can be seen from the drive and heard near the porch can completely change the arrival experience.
The trade-off most people should think through
In an arid region, adding water as a feature has to be handled responsibly. Recirculating systems and compact designs make the most sense. So does choosing durable materials that can handle sun exposure and winter temperature swings.
The value is sensory. Water softens a hardscape-heavy yard, masks some street noise, and adds motion to spaces that might otherwise feel static. But it's not for every home. If the owner wants the lowest-maintenance front yard possible, I usually steer them toward dry focal points instead.
A good front-yard fountain in Prescott should be easy to access for service, protected from awkward overspray, and integrated into the rest of the design. The best ones feel like they belong to the house. The bad ones feel like a decorative object dropped into an empty bed.
8. Curved Pathways and Layered Planting Beds
Could your front yard feel better by changing how people move through it? In Prescott and Prescott Valley, the answer is often yes. A gently curved walk and planting beds with real depth can make a front yard look settled into the site instead of laid out as a flat strip across the house.
This approach works well on Northern Arizona lots because few front yards here are perfectly simple. Many have grade change, decomposed granite soils, broad driveways, or a house set high above the street. Curves help handle those conditions more naturally than a rigid straight run, and layered beds give us space to transition from rock, to shrubs, to taller structure without making the yard feel crowded.
Why layered beds work better than foundation-only planting
A shallow row of shrubs against the house is still common in older neighborhoods around Prescott. It usually creates the same problems. Plants get packed too tightly, irrigation stays too close to the foundation, and the yard has no middle layer between the street and the house.
A deeper bed solves more than appearance. It gives roots more room, allows better spacing for mature plant size, and creates cleaner drainage during monsoon storms. In our work at R.E. and Sons Landscaping, I usually see the best results when beds push outward from the house enough to create a foreground, a mid-layer, and a backdrop. That reads better from the street and holds up better over time.
A few rules keep this style from turning loose and messy:
Place height with intention: Use taller shrubs, upright evergreens, or accent grasses at corners, along side transitions, or on long blank wall sections. Keep window lines and entry visibility clear.
Repeat plants and materials: Repeating three or four reliable species looks stronger than using one of everything. It also simplifies maintenance and irrigation zoning.
Build curves that match the house: Soft arcs usually fit Prescott ranch homes and mountain-style homes better than tight serpentine lines.
Leave room for runoff: Bed edges and path grades need to handle summer storm water so mulch, gravel, and soil do not wash into the walk.
The trade-off is maintenance discipline. Curved beds look relaxed, but they are not casual to install well. Bed lines need to be clean, plant spacing needs to account for growth, and pathways need a stable base so edges do not creep or settle after freeze-thaw cycles.
Done right, this idea softens a hard front elevation, makes the entry feel more intentional, and gives a Northern Arizona yard a shape that fits the site instead of fighting it.
9. Entry Statement with Specimen Plants and Architectural Elements
What makes a front entry feel memorable in Prescott without turning it into a high-maintenance showpiece?
A strong answer is restraint. One specimen plant, one architectural feature, and a clear line to the front door usually do more for a Northern Arizona entry than a crowded mix of accents competing for attention. In higher-elevation neighborhoods around Prescott and Prescott Valley, that approach also holds up better through wind, freeze-thaw cycles, and hard summer sun.
The goal is to give the house a front-door hierarchy. Visitors should read the approach immediately. The eye should land on the entry, not drift across a dozen unrelated details. Homes with stone veneer, stucco, timber posts, or metal gates already have visual weight, so the exterior design should support those materials rather than fight them.
At R.E. and Sons Landscaping, we usually get the best result by anchoring the entry with a specimen that fits the mature scale of the home and then tying it to a built element such as a low wall, column, steel planter, boulder grouping, or widened landing. That pairing matters. The plant brings life and seasonal character. The architectural piece gives the composition structure during winter and dry periods when plant material is less expressive.
The best specimen plant is one that still fits the space and the house five years from now.
A well-built entry statement usually includes:
One primary focal plant: A small tree, upright evergreen, or sculptural desert-adapted specimen placed where it frames the approach without blocking views.
One fixed architectural element: Stone columns, a seat wall, steel edging, a gate, or a defined porch transition that gives the entry permanence.
Targeted lighting: Low-voltage fixtures aimed at the entry and focal plant so the front approach stays legible after dark.
Deliberate spacing: Enough room around the specimen so it reads as intentional, not squeezed between the walkway and foundation.
Plant choice is where local judgment matters most. A specimen that works in Phoenix often struggles here, and a fast-growing tree that looks manageable at install can overpower a modest front yard once it reaches mature size. In this climate, I prefer selections that handle altitude, reflected heat, and occasional cold snaps without needing constant pruning just to keep the front walk usable.
There is a trade-off. Statement entries are less forgiving than mass planting. If the specimen is undersized, the entry looks weak. If it is oversized, roots, canopy spread, and maintenance become a problem fast. The same goes for columns, walls, and planters. They need to match the architecture and leave enough open space for drainage, snow storage, and comfortable movement to the door.
Done well, this idea gives the home a clear identity from the street and makes the approach feel finished, which is often what front yards in Northern Arizona are missing.
10. Sustainable Landscapes with Mulch, Erosion Control, and Proper Grading
What happens to a front yard in Prescott after the first hard monsoon storm? You find out fast whether the site was built to handle Northern Arizona conditions or just to look good on install day.
At R.E. and Sons Landscaping, we treat sustainability as a construction decision first. In this region, high altitude sun dries exposed soil quickly, then summer rain can hit hard enough to carve channels through planting beds in a single afternoon. If runoff is not directed well, water heads toward the foundation, mulch floats, rock shifts, and bare soil starts moving downhill.
What sustainability actually means in a front yard
A sustainable front yard uses water carefully and stays stable through seasonal swings. That means proper grading, durable bed edges, erosion control on slopes, and surface materials matched to the site instead of copied from lower-desert designs that do not always hold up in Prescott or Prescott Valley.
The biggest mistake I see is treating mulch, rock, and grading as finish details. They are performance layers. Get them right and plants establish faster, maintenance drops, and the yard stays cleaner after storms. Get them wrong and the front yard needs repeated touch-ups.
A practical approach usually includes:
Positive drainage away from the house: Finished grade should move runoff toward the street, swales, or approved collection areas, not toward the entry or foundation.
Mulch where it helps the soil: Organic mulch works well in planting beds that need moisture retention and temperature buffering, but it needs containment so monsoon runoff does not carry it away.
Rock in high-wear or erosion-prone zones: Decorative gravel and larger stone often perform better on slopes, along drip lines, and in areas that see concentrated flow.
Erosion control that fits the grade: Jute netting, boulder placement, check steps, or terraced bed shaping can slow water enough to keep soil in place.
Post-storm inspection: The first few storms usually show where water is cutting, ponding, or jumping an edge.
Trade-offs matter here. Organic mulch improves soil over time, but it breaks down and can migrate in heavy rain. Rock lasts longer and stays put better, but it reflects heat and does nothing to build soil. On many Prescott front yards, the right answer is a mix of both, with mulch in protected planting pockets and mineral surfaces where runoff is stronger.
This kind of yard design is less flashy than a statement entry, but it solves problems that homeowners in Northern Arizona deal with every year. When grading is correct and erosion is under control, the front yard holds its shape, plants have a better root environment, and maintenance becomes predictable instead of seasonal repair work.
Front Yard Landscape Ideas: 10-Item Comparison
Design Option | Implementation Complexity 🔄 | Resource Requirements ⚡ | Expected Outcomes ⭐📊 | Ideal Use Cases | Key Advantages 💡 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Desert Xeriscaping with Native Plants | Moderate 🔄 Requires native-plant expertise; 6–12 month establishment | Low ⚡ Low long‑term water & maintenance; moderate plant sourcing | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 📊 ~50% water reduction; durable, habitat-friendly | Sustainable Northern AZ homeowners wanting low‑water yards | Water savings, supports pollinators, authentic regional aesthetic |
Flagstone and Decorative Rock Hardscaping | High 🔄 Skilled installation and heavy labor | Moderate ⚡ High upfront material/labor; negligible water needs | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 📊 Long‑lasting hardscape; immediate curb appeal; improved drainage | Durable, low‑maintenance entries; drainage or erosion sites | Durability, low upkeep, strong aesthetic impact |
Artificial Turf Installation | Moderate 🔄 Professional base prep and drainage required | High ⚡ High upfront cost; zero irrigation; periodic infill maintenance | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 📊 Consistent year‑round green; ~15‑yr lifespan; heat retention tradeoff | Water‑conscious homeowners, pet areas, low‑maintenance lawns | Zero watering, low routine care, reliable appearance |
Modern Minimalist Design with Clean Lines | Moderate 🔄 Careful material and plant selection to avoid sterility | Variable ⚡ Scalable budgets; quality materials recommended; low maintenance | ⭐⭐⭐ 📊 Timeless, low‑maintenance look that complements modern architecture | Owners of contemporary homes seeking understated elegance | Clean organization, low upkeep, architectural cohesion |
Welcoming Entry Focal Points with Planters and Containers | Low 🔄 Easy to implement; ongoing seasonal care | Low–Moderate ⚡ Affordable initial cost; regular watering and rotation | ⭐⭐⭐ 📊 Flexible seasonal curb appeal; fast visual updates | Renters, small entries, homeowners wanting changable accents | Portability, quick impact, customizable seasonal displays |
Low‑Voltage Landscape Lighting Design | Moderate 🔄 Needs professional layout and electrical work | Moderate ⚡ Moderate install cost; very low energy consumption | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 📊 Enhances safety and evening curb appeal; long LED life | Homeowners prioritizing safety and nighttime aesthetics | Energy‑efficient illumination, increased perceived value |
Water Features and Fountain Elements | High 🔄 Complex plumbing, electrical, winterization needs | High ⚡ Higher install and maintenance; ongoing water/electric use | ⭐⭐⭐ 📊 Strong focal point and sensory appeal; attracts wildlife | Upscale homes seeking statement features and ambiance | Soothing sound, wildlife attraction, upscale impression |
Curved Pathways and Layered Planting Beds | Moderate 🔄 Requires thoughtful design and balanced plant selection | Moderate ⚡ More installation labor and plant variety than linear designs | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 📊 Adds depth and perceived space; improves flow and sightlines | Homeowners wanting organic, garden‑like front yards | Visual movement, layered interest, hides property lines |
Entry Statement with Specimen Plants & Architectural Elements | High 🔄 Strategic selection and proportional design required | High ⚡ Specimen plants and structures increase cost and care | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 📊 Immediate identity and strong curb impact | Homes seeking dramatic entrances and defined character | Memorable first impression, architectural integration |
Sustainable Landscapes with Mulch, Erosion Control & Proper Grading | High 🔄 Professional assessment for grading and stormwater solutions | Moderate–High ⚡ Higher initial cost; long‑term savings on water and damage | ⭐⭐⭐⭐ 📊 Reduces erosion and runoff; improves soil health and resilience | Properties with erosion risk or eco‑conscious homeowners | Prevents damage, conserves water, enhances long‑term site health |
Ready to Bring Your Front Yard Vision to Life?
Choosing the right front-yard design is really about choosing the right combination of structure, planting, drainage, and maintenance level for your property. In Prescott and across Northern Arizona, the best front yards don't come from copying a photo taken in another climate. They come from responding to local conditions. High sun exposure, freeze-thaw cycles, rocky soils, seasonal storms, and water-conscious living all shape what will hold up well over time.
That's why the strongest outdoor design ideas front yard projects use are usually balanced rather than extreme. A full xeriscape can be excellent when it has enough plant mass and a clear layout. Artificial turf can be useful when it's treated as one element, not the whole yard. Stone and rock can give the property structure, but they need softening and scale. Lighting, planters, specimen plants, and entry features all work best when they support the home instead of competing with it.
For many homeowners in Prescott, Prescott Valley, and nearby communities, the hardest part isn't finding ideas. It's knowing which ideas fit the lot, the architecture, the drainage pattern, and the amount of upkeep they want. That's where a design-build process matters. A good plan should solve functional problems at the same time it improves curb appeal.
R.E. and Sons Landscaping handles that process with four straightforward steps: consultation, design approval, transformation, and enjoyment. The value in that approach is clarity. Homeowners can see how the layout, materials, and plant choices fit together before installation begins, and the build team can execute the work as one coordinated project instead of piecing it together over time.
If your front yard feels unfinished, dated, hard to maintain, or simply wrong for the house, it usually doesn't need random upgrades. It needs a plan. Sometimes that means reshaping the entry walk, deepening the planting beds, and improving grading. Sometimes it means simplifying an overcomplicated layout and replacing high-maintenance elements with materials and plants that belong in this climate.
A well-designed front yard should greet you easily, drain properly, and still look good after the weather does what Northern Arizona weather does. That's the standard worth building to.
If you're ready to update your front yard in Prescott, Prescott Valley, Chino Valley, or the surrounding Northern Arizona area, R.E. and Sons Landscaping can help you plan and build an outdoor space that fits your home, your maintenance goals, and the local climate.
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